Williamson's sapsucker (Sphyrapicus thyroideus) COSEWIC assessment and status report: chapter 13

Information Sources

Almond, H. pers. comm. 2004. Birder, Kelowna, BC

Aney, W.C. 1984. The effects of patch size on bird communities of remnant old-growth pine stands in western Montana. M.S. thesis, Univ. of Montana, Missoula.

Audubon Colorado 2004. [http://www.auduboncolorado.org/iba/. Website accessed March 2004].

B.C. Assessment. 2004. Website indicating property tax assessment procedures on privately-owned forest land. (http://www.bcassessment.bc.ca/index.html)

British Columbia Conservation Data Centre (B.C. CDC). 2004. Database of 8 Williamson's Sapsucker locations provided to Les Gyug for this COSEWIC status report.

B.C. Ministry of Forests and B.C. Environment. 1999. Managing Identified Wildlife Guidebook (Forestry Practices Code): Procedures and Measures. Prov. of British Columbia, Victoria, B.C.

British Columbia Ministry of Sustainable Resource Management. 2004. GIS data ftp site. [http://srmwww.gov.bc.ca/gis/arcftp.html. Website last accessed November 2004]

British Columbia Ministry of Water, Land and Air Protection. 2004. Accounts and measures for managing identified wildlife. Version 2004. British Columbia Ministry of Water, Land and Air Protection, Victoria, B.C. [http://www.gov.bc.ca/wld/identified/accounts.html. Web site accessed September 2004]

British Columbia Ministry of Water, Land and Air Protection (WLAP). 2004. Two Williamson's Sapsucker nest records provided to Les Gyug by the Kamloops Region Rare and Endangered Species Specialist for the COSEWIC status report.

British Columbia Ministry of Water, Land and Air Protection (WLAP). 2004. Wildlife Database containing a number of Williamson's Sapsucker observations provided to Les Gyug by the Okanagan Region (Penticton) Biodiversity Branch for the COSEWIC status report.

British Columbia Nest Record Scheme (BCNRS). 2003. Photocopies of 65 nest record cards provided to Les Gyug for this COSEWIC status report by Wayne Campbell. This is apparently only a partial collection of these cards as some records referred to in Cooper (1995) and Campbell et al. (2000) did not appear to be in this set.

B.C. Species and Ecosystems Explorer. 2004. B.C. Conservation Data Centre, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada. [Web site accessed September 2004].

BCINTBIRD. 2004.  British Columbia Interior Birders Yahoo e-mail group. Website: http://groups.yahoo.com/group/bcintbird/

Beal, F.E.L. 1911. Food of the woodpeckers of the United States. U.S. Dept. Agr., Biol. Surv. Bull 37.

Bent, A.C. 1939. Life histories of North American woodpeckers. U.S. Natl. Mus. Spec. Bull. 174.

Bienz, C., A. Markus, and M. Elston. 2004. Birds and Burns Network; Fire Effects on Populations and Habitats of Sensitive Species of Wildlife in Ponderosa Pine Forests of the Interior West. February 2004. Progress Report 2003.

Bock, C.E., and D.L. Larson. 1986. Winter habitats of sapsuckers in southeastern Arizona. Condor 88:246-247.

Bock, Carl E., and J.F. Lynch. 1970. Breeding bird populations of burned and unburned conifer forest in the Sierra Nevada. Condor 72:182-189

Bull, E.L. and J.A. Jackson. 1995. Pileated Woodpecker (Dryocopus pileatus). In The Birds of North America, No. 148. (A. Poole and F. Gill, eds.). The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, PA, and The American Ornithologists’ Union, Washington, D.C.

Bull, E.L., R.C. Beckwith, and R.S. Holthausen. 1992. Arthropod diet of Pileated Woodpeckers in northeastern Oregon. Northwestern Naturalist 73:42-45.

Bull, E.L., S.R. Peterson, and J.W. Thomas. 1986. Resource partitioning among woodpeckers in northeastern Oregon. U.S. For. Serv. Res. Note PNW-444, Portland, OR.

Campbell, R.W. pers. comm. 2004. Bird research consultant, Victoria, BC

Campbell, R.W., A.K. Dawe, I. McTaggart-Cowan, J. Cooper, G. Kaiser, and M.C. McNall. 1990. Birds of British Columbia: Volume 2, Nonpasserines; Diurnal Birds of Prey through Woodpeckers. Royal British Columbia Museum.

Campbell, R.W., A.R. Norris, M.L. Funk, and K.V. Kimm. 2000. British Columbia nest record scheme: 45th annual report – 1999 nesting season. Wild Bird Trust of British Columbia Wildlife Report No. 6. West Vancouver, B.C.

Canadian Intermountain Joint Venture. 2003. Biological Foundation and Prospectus. British Columbia, Canada pp.72.

Canning, R.J. pers. comm. 2004. BC Programs Manager, Bird Studies Canada, also, Co-chair Bird Species Specialist Subcommittee, COSEWIC. Naramata, B.C.

Cannings, R.A., R.J. Cannings and S.G. Cannings. 1987. Birds of the Okanagan Valley, British Columbia. Royal British Columbia Museum.

Cicero, C., and N. K. Johnson. 1995. Speciation in sapsuckers (Sphyrapicus): III. Mitochondrial-DNA sequence divergence at the cytochrome-b locus. Auk 112:546-563.

Clapp, R.B., M.K. Klimkiewicz, and A.G. Futcher. 1983. Longevity records of North American Birds: Columbidae through Paridae. J. Field Ornithol. 54:123-137.

Conway, C.J., and T.E. Martin. 1993. Habitat Suitability for Williamson’s Sapsuckers in Mixed-Conifer Forests. J. Wildl. Manage. 57(2): 322-328.

Cooper, J.M. 1995. Status of the Williamson’s Sapsucker in British Columbia. Ministry of Environment Lands and Parks, Victoria, B.C.

Cowan, I. McT. 1938. Distribution of the races of the Williamson's Sapsucker in British Columbia. Condor 40:128-129.

Crockett, A.B. 1975. Ecology and behavior of the Williamson's Sapsucker in Colorado. Ph.D. dissertation, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder, CO.

Crockett, A.B., and H.H. Hadow. 1975. Nest Site Selection by Williamson and Red-Naped Sapsuckers. Short Communications. Condor. 77: 365-368.

Crockett, A.B., and P.L. Hansley. 1977.  Coition, nesting and postfledging behavior of Williamson's Sapsucker in Colorado. The Living Bird 16:7-19.

Delisle, G. pers. comm. 2000. Woodlot Operator, Woodlot 411, Arrow-Boundary Forest District, BC.

Dobbs, R.C., T.E. Martin, and C.J. Conway. 1997. Williamson’s Sapsucker (Sphyrapicus thyroideus). In The Birds of North America, No. 285. (A. Poole and F. Gill, eds.). The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, PA, and The American Ornithologists’ Union, Washington, D.C.

EKOOTENAYBIRD. 2004.  East Kootenay, British Columbia, Birders Yahoo e-mail group. Website: http://groups.yahoo.com/group/ekootenaybirds/

Fannin, J. 1891. Checklist of British Columbia birds. British Columbia Provincial Museum, Victoria. 49 pp.

Fleury, S.A. 2000. Population and community dynamics in western riparian avifauna: the role of Red-naped Sapsucker (Sphyrapicus nuchalis). Ph.D. diss., University of Nevada, Reno.

Franzreb, K.E. and R.D. Ohmart. 1978. The effects of timber harvesting on breeding birds in a mixed-coniferous forest. Condor 80:431-441.

Godfrey, W.E. 1986. The birds of Canada. Rev. ed. Natl. Mus. Nat. Sci., Ottawa, ON.

Guiguet, C.J. 1970. Birds of British Columbia – (1) Woodpeckers (2) Crows and their allies. B.C. Provincial Museum, Handbook No. 6. Victoria, B.C.

Gyug, L.W., and A. Peatt. 2000. Inventories of Sagebrush Northern Bog Lemming, Williamson's Sapsucker, and Mountain Beaver in the Southern Interior of British Columbia. p. 417-422 in Darling, L., ed. Proceedings of a conference on the biology and management of species and habitats at risk, University College of the Cariboo, Kamloops, B.C. February 15-19, 1999. 974 pp.

Gyug, L.W., and S.N. Bennett. 1995. Bird Use of Wildlife Tree Patches 25 years after Clearcutting. Prepared for B.C. Ministry of Environment, Penticton, B.C.

Gyug, L.W. Unpublished Data. Primarily data collected during field research on Williamson's Sapsuckers conducted for the British Columbia Ministry of Water, Land and Air Protection from 1996 to 2004, as well as other personal observations and data collected from 1994 to 2004.

Hall, L., M.L. Morrison, and W.M. Block. 1997. Songbird Status and Roles. Chapter 4 Pp. 69-88 In Songbird ecology in southwestern ponderosa pine forests: a literature review. W.M. Block and D.M. Finch (tech eds.). USDA Forest Service General Technical Report. RM-GTR-292.

Hejl, S.J., D.E. Mack, J.S. Young, J.C. Bednarz and R.L. Hutto. 2002. Birds and changing landscape patterns in conifer forests of the North-central Rocky Mountains. Studies in Avian Biology 25:113-129.

Herzig, J. pers. comm. 2000. Birder, Princeton, BC

Hovey, F. pers. comm. 2003. British Columbia Ministry of Forests researcher. Personal Communication to Ted Antifeau, Ministry of Water, Land and Air Protection, Nelson, B.C.

Hutto, R.L. 1995. Composition of bird communities following stand replacement fires in northern Rocky Mountain (U.S.A.) conifer forests. Conserv. Biol. 9: 1041–1058.

Hutto, Richard L., and J.S. Young. 1999. Habitat relationships of landbirds in the Northern Region, USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report. RMRS-GTR-32. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. 72 p.

Johnson, N.K., and R.M. Zink. 1983. Speciation in sapsuckers (Sphyrapicus): I. Genetic differentiation. Auk 100:871-884.

Jones, D.L., and B.R. Gates. 1973. Carpenter Lake deer improvement project and other studies in the Bridge River drainage system. Spec. Proj., Vote 237-032. B.C. Fish and Wildlife Branch, Victoria, B.C.

Kaiser, G.W., R.W. McKelvey, and D.W. Smith. 1978. A preliminary report on the first set of aerial surveys to be conducted through a full annual cycle in the Columbia valley between the Libby Reservoir and Golden, British Columbia (1976-1977). Can. Wild. Serv., Delta, B.C. 54 pp.

Kimberley Nature Park Society. 2004. Kimberley Nature Park Web Site: http://www.rockies.net/kimberley/naturepark/overview.htm [Accessed August 2004].

Lehmkuhl, J., K. Woodruff, M. Haggard, J. Lindsey, D. Harrington, J. Jakubowski, R. Robertson, and K. Kistler. 2004. Okanogan and Wenatchee National Forest, Birds and Burning, Progress Report 2003. February 18, 2004 [Available at web site: http://www.rmrs.nau.edu/lab/4251/birdsnburns/]

Li, P., and T.E. Martin. 1991. Nest-site selection and nesting success of cavity-nesting birds in high elevation forest drainages. Auk 108:405-418.

Lloyd, D, K. Angove, G. Hope, and C. Thompson. 1990. A guide to site identification and interpretation for the Kamloops Forest Region. B.C. Min. of Forests, Victoria, B.C.

Loose, S.S., and S.H. Anderson. 1995. Woodpecker habitat use in the forests of southeastern Wyoming. J. Field Ornithology 66:503-514.

Macoun, John and James M. Macoun. 1909. Catalogue of Canadian birds. Department of Mines, Geological Survey Branch, Ottawa.

Manning, E.T., and J.M. Cooper. 1996. Progress Report (Year 1 – 1996). An assessment of woodpecker foraging, home range and patch utilization at Wallace Creek, British Columbia. Prepared for B.C. Ministry of Environment, Penticton, B.C.

Marshall, D.B., M.G. Hunter, and A.L. Contreras (editors). 2003. Birds of Oregon: a general reference. Oregon State University Press, Corvallis, OR.

McClelland, B. R., and P.T. McClelland. 1999. Pileated Woodpecker nest and roost trees in Montana: links with old-growth and forest “health”. Wildlife Society Bulletin 27(3):846-857.

McClelland, B. R., S. S. Frissell, W. C. Fischer, and C. H. Halvorson. 1979. Habitat management for hole-nesting birds in forests of western larch and Douglas-fir. Journal of Forestry 77(8): 480-483.

Mearns, E.A. 1890. Observations on the avifauna of portions of Arizona. Auk 7(3):251-264.

Munro, J.A., and I.McT. Cowan. 1947. A review of the bird fauna of British Columbia. British Columbia Provincial Museum Special Publication No. 2, Victoria, B.C. 285 pp.

NatureServe. 2004. NatureServe Explorer: An online encyclopedia of life [web application]. Version 4.0. NatureServe, Arlington, Virginia. (Accessed: August, 2004).

Oliver, W.W. 1970. The feeding pattern of sapsuckers on ponderosa pine in northeastern California. Condor 72:241

Otvos, I.S., and R.W. Stark. 1985. Arthropod food of some forest-inhabiting birds. Canadian Entomologist 117:971-990.

Partners in Flight British Columbia and Yukon. 2003. Canada’s Great Basin Landbird Conservation Plan, Version 1.0. Partners in Flight British Columbia and Yukon, Delta, British Columbia, Canada. 100 pp.

Pinel, H.W. 1993. First verified record of Williamson's Sapsucker for Alberta. Blue Jay 51:209-210.

Raphael, M.G., and M. White. 1984. Use of snags by cavity-nesting birds in the Sierra Nevada. Wildlife Monographs 86: 1-66.

Raphael, M.G., M.L. Morrison, and M.P. Yoder-Williams. 1987. Breeding bird populations during twenty-five years of postfire succession in the Sierra Nevada. Condor 89:614-626.

Reynolds, R.T., and E.C. Meslow. 1983. Partitioning of food and niche characteristics of coexisting Accipiter during breeding. Auk 101:761-779.

Rich, T.D., C. J. Beardmore, H. Berlanga, P.J. Blancher, M.S.W. Bradstreet, G.S. Butcher, D.W. Demarest, E.H. Dunn, W.C. Hunter, E.E. Inigo-Elias, J.A. Kennedy, A.M. Martell, A.O. Panjabi, D.N. Pashley, K.V. Rosenberg, C.M. Rustay, J.S. Wendt, T.C. Will. 2004. Partners in Flight North American Landbird Conservation Plan. Cornell Lab of Ornithology. Ithaca, NY.

Ridgway, R. 1914. The birds of North and Middle America. U.S. Natl. Mus. Bull. 50, part 6.

Saab, V. and S. Story. 2003. Investigating the Use of Prescribed Fire to Restore Wildlife Habitat in the South Fork Salmon River (SFSR) Sub-basin. Annual Progress Report to Birds and Burns Network, Payette National Forest, Idaho.

Sanders, C.J. 1970. The distribution of carpenter ant colonies in the spruce-fir forest of northwestern Ontario. Ecology 51(5):865-873.

Sauer, J. R., J. E. Hines, and J. Fallon. 2004. The North American Breeding Bird Survey, Results and Analysis 1966 - 2003. Version 2004.1. USGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Laurel, MD.

Schepps, J., S. Lohr, and T. E. Martin. 1999. Does tree hardness influence nest tree selection by primary cavity nesters? Auk 116: 658-665.

Scott, V.E., and J.L. Oldemeyer. 1983. Cavity-nesting bird requirements and responses to snag cutting in ponderosa pine. Pp.19-23 IN J.W. Davis, G.A. Goodwin, and R.A. Ockenfels, technical coordinators. Snag habitat management: proceedings of the symposium, June 7-9, 1983, Northern Arizona University. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report RM-99.

Scott, V.E., J.A. Whelan, and P.L. Svoboda. 1980. Cavity-nesting birds and forest management. Pp. 311-324 IN Management of western forests and grasslands for nongame birds: Proc. Workshop (R.M. DeGraaf, ed.). USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Report INT-86.

Short, L.L. 1982. Woodpeckers of the world. Delaware Mus. Nat. Hist. Monogr. Ser. No. 4.

Short, L.L., and J.J. Morony. 1970. A second hybrid Williamson's x Red-naped Sapsucker and an evolutionary history of sapsuckers. Condor 72:310-315.

Siegel, J.J. 1989. An evaluation of the minimum habitat quality standards for birds in old-growth ponderosa pine forests, northern Arizona. M.S. thesis, Univ. Arizona, Tucson, AZ. 94 pp.

Smith, K.G. 1982. On habitat selection of Williamson’s and “Red-naped” yellow-bellied sapsuckers.  Southwest. Nat. 27: 464-466.

Smith, M.R., P.W. Mattocks, Jr., and K.M. Cassidy. 1997. Breeding Birds of Washington State.--Volume 4 in Washington State Gap Analysis Final Report (K. M. Cassidy, C. E. Grue, M.R. Smith, and K. M. Dvornich, Eds). Seattle Audubon Society Publications in Zoology No. 1, Seattle, WA.

Stallcup, P.L. 1968. Spatio-temporal relationships of nuthatches and woodpeckers in ponderosa pine forests of Colorado. Ecology 49:831-843.

Stanford, J.S., and G.F. Knowlton. 1942. Food of some Utah birds. Auk 59:580-581.

Swarth, H.S. 1917. Geographical variation in Sphyrapicus thyroideus. Condor 19:62-65.

Trerise, R. pers. comm. 1994. Woodlands Manager, Pope and Talbot Ltd., Midway, BC.

Villard, P. 1994. Foraging behavior of black-backed and three-toed woodpeckers during spring and summer in a Canadian boreal forest. Can. J. Zool. 72: 1957–1959.

Vos, G., and P. Yoder. 2003. Pagosa Ranger District, 2003 Birds and Burns Project Report. [Available at web site: http://www.rmrs.nau.edu/lab/4251/birdsnburns/]

Walters, E.L., and E.H. Miller. 2001. Predation on nesting woodpeckers in British Columbia. Canadian Field-Naturalist 115(3):413-419.

Walters, E.L., E.H. Miller, and P.E. Lowther. 2002. Red-breasted Sapsucker (Sphyrapicus ruber) and Red-naped Sapsucker (Sphyrapicus nuchalis). In The Birds of North America, No. 663. (A. Poole and F. Gill, eds.). The Birds of North America, Inc., Philadelphia, PA.

Weydemeyer, W., and D. Weydemeyer. 1928. The woodpeckers of Lincoln County, Montana. Condor 30:339-346.

Winkler, H.D., D.A. Christie, and D. Nurney. 1995. Woodpeckers: an identification guide to the woodpeckers of the world. Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston.

Winternitz, B.L. 1976. Temporal change and habitat preference of some montane breeding birds. Condor 78:383-393

WKBIRDS. 2004. West Kootenay, British Columbia, Birders Yahoo e-mail group. Website: http://groups.yahoo.com/group/wkbirds/

Young, R.C. 1975. Interspecific territoriality in Williamson’s and Red-naped sapsuckers (Sphyrapicus thyroideus and S. varius nuchalis). M.S. Thesis, Univ. New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 32 pp.

Page details

Date modified: