Grass pickerel (Esox americanus vermiculatus) COSEWIC assessment and status report: chapter 15
Information sources, Biographical summary of report writers and Collections examined
Information sources
Abell, R.A., et al. 2000. Freshwater ecoregions of North America: A conservation assessment. Washington, DC: Island Press.
Allin, A.E. 1930. Extension of range of Esox americanus (Gmelin). Canadian Field-Naturalist 44:21.
Becker, G.C. 1983. Fishes of Wisconsin. Univ. Wisc. Press, Madison, Wisconsin.
Bergeron, J.F. et J. Dubé. 2000. Liste des poissons d'eau douce du Québec. Gouv. de Québec, Soc. Faune, Parcs Québec: 4 pp.
Buss, K. 1962. A literature survey of the life history of the redfin and grass pickerels. Pennsylvania Fish Commission, Benner Springs Fish Research Station. 12 pp.
Buss, K. 1963. The little pickerels. Pennsylvania Angler, 32(9):19.
Canadian Endangered Species Council. 2001. The general status of species in Canada. Ottawa: Minister of Public Works and Government Services.
Cooper, G.P., and G.N. Washburn. 1949. Relation of dissolved oxygen to winter mortality of fish in Michigan lakes. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 75:200-227.
Crossman, E.J. 1960. Variation in number and asymmetry in branchiostegal rays in the family Esocidae. Can. J. Zool. 38(2):363-375.
Crossman, E.J. 1962a. The grass pickerel Esox americanus vermiculatus LeSueur in Canada. Roy. Ont. Mus., Life Sci. Div., Cont. 55: 29 pp.
Crossman, E.J. 1962b. Predator-prey relationship in pikes (Esocidae). Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, 19(5):979-980.
Crossman, E.J. 1966. A taxonomic study of Esox americanus and its subspecies in eastern North America. Copeia: 1-20.
Crossman, E.J. 1980. Esox americanus Gmelin. pp.131-132 in Lee, Gilbert, Hocutt, Jenkins, McAllister, Stauffer (eds.) Atlas of North American freshwater fishes. North Carolina Bio. Surv., Pubn. No, 1980-12.
Crossman, E.J. and K. Buss. 1965. Hybridization in the family Esocidae. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada 22(5):1261-1292.
Cuerrier, J.-P. 1944. Additions à la liste des poissons de la région de Montréal. Annales de l'ACFAS, 1944(1943) 10, Sec.4:105-106.
Cuerrier, J.-P., F.E.J. Fry, and G. Préfontaine. 1946. Liste préliminaire des poisons de la région de Montréal et du lac Saint-Pierre. Nat. Canadien. 73:17-32.
Foster, J.R. 1979. Factors influencing the predator-prey relationship of a small esocid, the grass pickerel (Esox americanus vermiculatus). Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Zoology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario.
Fowler, H.W. 1915. Fishes from eastern Canada. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 67: 515-519.
Fuller, P.L., L.G. Nico, and J. D. Williams. 1999. Nonindigenous fishes introduced into inland waters of the United States. Amer. Fish. Soc. Spec. Publ. 27. Bethesda, Maryland.
Gorrie, J.F. 1975. Feeding habits and predatory behaviour of Esox americanus vermiculatus LeSueur. Unpublished Manuscript, 54 pp.
Hubbs, C.L., and D.E.S. Brown. 1929. Materials for a distributional study of Ontario fishes. Trans. Roy. Can. Inst. 17, pt. 1. 56 pp.
Kleinert, S.J., and D. Mraz. 1966. Life history of the grass pickerel (Esox americanus vermiculatus) in southeastern Wisconsin. Wisc. Conser. Dept., Tech. Bull. 37. 40 pp.
Lachance, S. 1997. Report on the status of the redfin pickerel (Esox americanus americanus) in Canada. Quebec Department of the Environment and Wildlife, Direction de la faune et des habitats, 37 pp.
Lachance, S. 2001. Rapport sur le situation du brochet d'Amérique, Esox americanus americanus, au Canada. Can. Field-Nat. 115(4):597-607.
Lagler, K.F., and C. Hubbs. 1943. Fall spawning of the mud pickerel. Copeia 2:131.
Legendre, V. 1952. Clef des poissons de pêche sportive et commerciale de la Province de Québec. Société Canadienne d’Écologie, Montréal, Ministère de la Chasse et des Pêcheries, Québec. 84 pp + Figures.
Leslie, J.F., and J.F. Gorrie. 1985. Distinguishing features for separating prolarvae of three species of esocids. Pages 1-20 in Kendall and Marliave (eds.) Description of early life history stages of selected fishes: From the 3rd International Symposium on the Early Life History of Fishes, and 8th Annual Larval Fish Conference. Can. Tech. Rept. Fish. Aquat. Sci., No.1359: 82 pp.
López, J.A., P. Bentzen, and T.W. Pietsch. 2000. Phylogenetic relationship of esocoid fishes (Teleostei) based on partial cytochrome b and mitochondrial DNA sequences. Copeia (2): 420-431.
López, J.A., W.-J. Chen, and G. Ortí. 2004. Esociform phylogeny. Copeia 2004 (3): 449–464.
McCarraher, D.B. 1960. Pike hybrids (Esox lucius X E. vermiculatus) in a sandhill lake Nebraska. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 89(1):82-83.
McNamara, F. 1937. Breeding and food habits of the pikes (Esox lucius and Esox vermiculatus). Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 66 (for 1936): 372-378.
Ming, A.D. 1968. Life history of the grass pickerel, Esox americanus vermiculatus, in Oklahoma. Oklahoma Research Laboratory Bulletin Number 8. 66 pp.
Mongeau, J.-R., A. Courtemanche, G. Massé, and B. Vincent. 1974. Cartes de répartition géographique des espèces de poissons au sud du Québec d'après les inventaires ichthyologiques effectués de 1963 à 1972. Service de l'Aménagement de la Faune, Ministère du Tourisme, de la Chasse et de la Pêche, Québec. Rapport spécial No. 4. 92 pp.
NatureServe. 2003. NatureServe Explorer: An online encyclopedia of life [web application]. Version 1.8. NatureServe, Arlington, Virginia. Available (Accessed: July 5, 2003.)
Nelson, J.S., E.J. Crossman, H. Espinosa-Pérez, L.T. Findley, C.R. Gilbert, R.N.Lea, and J.D. Williams. 2004. Common and scientific names of fishes from the United States, Canada, and Mexico. 6th edition. American Fisheries Society, Special Publication 29. Bethesda, Maryland, 386 pp.
Radford, R. 2003. Abundance of Grass Pickerel (Esox americanus vermiculatus) in Niagara Area tributaries. Unpublished report, Ministry of Natural Resources, Niagara Area office, Guelph District. 2 pp.
Raney, E.C. 1955. Natural hybrids between two species of pickerel (Esox) in Stearns Pond, Massachusetts. Supplement to Fisheries Report For Some Central, Eastern And Western Massachusetts Lakes, Ponds And Reservoirs, 1951-1952. Mass. Div. Fish. Game, Bur. Wild. Res. Mgt.:405-419.
Reist, J.D., and E.J. Crossman. 1987. Genetic basis of variation in morphometric characters as implied by hybrids between subspecies of Esox americanus (Pisces: Esocidae). Can. J. Zool. 65(5):1224-1229.
Rice, L.A. 1942. The food of seventeen Reelfoot Lake fishes in 1941. Tenn. Acad. Sci. 17(1): 4-13.
Richardson, R.E. 1913. Observations on the breeding habits of fishes at Havana, Illinois, 1910 and 1911. Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist. 9:405-415.
Schwartz, F.J. 1962. Artificial pike hybrids, Esox americanus vermiculatus X E. lucius. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 91(2):229-230.
Schwartz, F.J. 1981. World literature to fish hybrids, by family, species, and hybrid. Suppl. 1. NOAA tech. Rept. NMFS-SSRF 750:507 pp.
Schwartz, F.J., W.T. Hogarth, and M.P. Weinstein. 1982. Marine and freshwater fishes of the Cape Fear River estuary, North Carolina and their distribution in relation to environmental factors. Brimleyana 7:17-37.
Scott, W.B., and E.J. Crossman. 1973. Freshwater fishes of Canada. Bull. 184, Fish. Res. Bd., Canada. (1998 Reprint, Galt House Pubns. Ltd.)
Serns, S.L., and T.C. McKnight. 1977. The occurrence of northern pike X grass pickerel hybrids and an exceptionally large grass pickerel in a northern Wisconsin stream. Copeia (4):780-781.
Tenant, D., and G. Billy. 1963. Artificial hybridization of the muskellunge and grass pickerel in Ohio. Prog. Fish-Cult. 25(2):68-70.
Toner, G.C. 1937. Preliminary studies of the fishes of eastern Ontario. Bull. Eastern Ontario Fish Game Protec. Assoc. Suppl. 2:1-24.
Toner, G.C. 1943. Ecological and geographical distribution of fishes in eastern Ontario. M.A. Dissertation, Dept. Zoology, Univ. of Toronto. 91 pp.
Trautman, M.B. 1981. The fishes of Ohio, Rev. Ed. Ohio State University Press, Columbus, Ohio.
Whillans, T.H. 1979. Historic transformation of fish communities in three Great Lakes bays. J. Gt. Lks. Res. 5(2):195-215.
Wydoski, R.S., and R.R. Whitney. 1979. Inland fishes of Washington. Univ. Wash. Seattle, Wash.
Yagi, A.R. 2004. Ministry of Natural Resources, Management Biologist, Niagara Area, Guelph District, unpublished data from fish surveys completed from 1979 to present.
Yeager, B.L. 1990. Family Esocidae. Pp. 225-235 in Wallis, Simon, Yeager (eds). Reproductive biology and early life history of fishes of the Ohio River drainage. Vol.1 Acipenseridae through Esocidae. Tenn. Valley Author., Chattanooga, Tenn.
Biographical summary of report writers
E.J. Crossman
Dr. E. J. Crossman passed away suddenly on 21 December 2003. He was formerly Curator Emeritus (Ichthyology), Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, Royal Ontario Museum, and Professor Emeritus (Zoology), University of Toronto. His research interests were in biology and distribution of freshwater, principally Canadian, fishes with emphasis on those in the order Esociformes, zoogeography, and introduced fishes.
E. Holm
Mr. Erling Holm is Assistant Curator (Ichthyology), Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, Royal Ontario Museum, and Collection Manager (Fishes). He has co-authored 11 status reports, conducted fieldwork in Ontario principally related to species at risk, and coordinates the ROM’s annual fish identification workshops.
Collections examined
Specimens were examined from the following institutions: Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto, Ontario and Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Great Lakes Laboratory for Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, Burlington, ON.
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