Narwhal (Monodon monoceros) COSEWIC assessment and status report: chapter 14

Information Sources

Arvy, L. 1978. Le Narval (Monodon monoceros L.). Acta Zoologica et Pathologica Antverpiensia 73: 43-118. [Translated to English in 1988. Available as Can. Transl. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 5342: iii + 89 p.]

Bada, J.L., E. Mitchell, and B. Kemper. 1983. Aspartic acid racemization in narwhal teeth. Nature 303: 418-419.

Barber, D.G. 1989. Narwhal distribution relative to thermal sea surface temperature boundaries. M.Sc. Thesis, Natural Resources Institute, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba. vii + 70 p.

Beck, B. and A.W. Mansfield. 1969. Observations on the Greenland shark, Somniosus microcephalus, in northern Baffin Island. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada 26: 143-145.

Best, R.C. and H.D. Fisher. 1974. Seasonal breeding of the narwhal (Monodon monoceros L.). Can. J. Zool. 52: 429-431.

Born, E.W. 1986. Observations of the narwhal (Monodon monoceros) in the Thule area (NW Greenland), August 1984. Rep. Int. Whal. Comm. 36: 387-392.

Born, E.W., M.P. Heide-Jørgensen, F. Larsen, and A.R. Martin. 1994. Abundance and population composition of narwhals (Monodon monoceros) in Inglefield Bredning (NW Greenland). Medd. Grønl. Biosci. 39: 51-68.

Borup, G. 1911. A tenderfoot with Peary. Frederick A. Stokes Company, New York. 317 p. + map.

Braham, H.W. 1984. Review of reproduction in the white whale, Delphinapterus leucas, narwhal, Monodon monoceros, and Irrawaddy dolphin, Orcaella brevirostris, with comments on population assessment. Rep. Int. Whal. Comm. Spec. Iss. 6: 81-89.

Brody, H.  1976. Inuit land use in northern Baffin Island and northern Foxe Basin, p. 153-172. In M.M.R. Freeman (ed.) Inuit land use and occupancy study, Vol. 1. Canada Department of Indian and Northern Affairs, Ottawa.

Bruemmer, F. 1971. Notes on sea mammals - Thule District, Greenland, 1971. Unpublished MS, Montreal, Quebec. 29 typed pages.

Campbell, R.R., P. Richard and J.T. Strong. 1986. COSEWIC status report on the narwhal Monodon monoceros in Canada. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. Ottawa. 60 pp.

Campbell, R.R., D.B. Yurick, and N.B. Snow. 1988. Predation on narwhals, Monodon monoceros, by killer whales, Orcinus orca, in the eastern Canadian Arctic. Can. Field-Nat. 102: 689-696.

Cosens, S.E. and L.P. Dueck. 1988. Responses of migrating narwhal and beluga to icebreaker traffic at the Admiralty Inlet ice-edge, N.W.T., p. 39-54. In W.M. Sackinger and M.O. Jeffries (eds.) Port and ocean engineering under Arctic conditions, Vol. 2. University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska.

Cosens, S.E. and L.P. Dueck. 1990. Spring sightings of narwhal and beluga calves in Lancaster Sound, N.W.T. Arctic 43: 127-128.

Cosens, S.E. and L.P. Dueck. 1991. Group size and activity patterns of belugas (Delphinapterus leucas) and narwhals (Monodon monoceros) during spring migration in Lancaster Sound. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 69: 1630-1635.

Cosens, S.E. and L.P. Dueck. 1993. Icebreaker noise in Lancaster Sound, N.W.T., Canada: implications for marine mammal behaviour. Mar. Mamm. Sci. 9: 285-300.

Crawford, R.E. and J. Jorgenson. 1990. Density distribution of fish in the presence of whales at the Admiralty Inlet landfast ice edge. Arctic 43: 215-222.

Davis, R.A., W.J. Richardson, S.R. Johnson, and W.E. Renaud. 1978. Status of the Lancaster Sound narwhal population in 1976.  Rep. Int. Whal. Comm. 28: 209-215.

Degerbøl, M. and P. Freuchen.  1935. Mammals. Report of the Fifth Thule Expedition 1921-24. Gyldendalske Boghandel, Nordisk Forlag. 2(4-5): 1-278, Copenhagen.

de March, B.G.E., L.D. Maiers, and D. Tenkula. 2001. A preliminary analysis of the molecular genetics of narwhal (Monodon monoceros) samples collected from Canadian and adjacent waters from 1982 to 2000. Canada/Greenland Joint Commission on the Management and Conservation of Narwhal and Beluga (JCNB), Scientific Working Group, Quqetarsuaq, Greenland, May 9-13, 2001. Document No. SWG-2001-10.

de March, B.G.E., and G. Stern. 2003. Stock separation of narwhal (Monodon monoceros) in Canada based on organochlorine contaminants. Canada Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Canadian Science Advisory Secretariat Research Document 2003/079: 21 p.

de March, B.G.E., D.A. Tenkula, and L.D. Postma. 2003. Molecular genetics of narwhal (Monodon monoceros) from Canada and West Greenland (1982-2001). Canada Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Canadian Science Advisory Secretariat Research Document 2003/080: 23 p.

DFO [Canada. Department of Fisheries and Oceans]. 1991. Annual summary of fish and marine mammal harvest data for the Northwest Territories, 1988-1989, Volume 1: v + 59 p. [Freshwater Institute, Central and Arctic Region, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N6].

DFO [Canada. Department of Fisheries and Oceans]. 1992a. Annual summary of fish and marine mammal harvest data for the Northwest Territories, 1989-1990, Volume 2: xiv + 61 p. [Freshwater Institute, Central and Arctic Region, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N6].

DFO [Canada. Department of Fisheries and Oceans]. 1992b. Annual summary of fish and marine mammal harvest data for the Northwest Territories, 1990-1991, Volume 3: xiv + 67 p. [Freshwater Institute, Central and Arctic Region, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N6].

DFO [Canada. Department of Fisheries and Oceans]. 1993. Annual summary of fish and marine mammal harvest data for the Northwest Territories, 1991-1992, Volume 4: xiv + 69 p. [Freshwater Institute, Central and Arctic Region, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N6].

DFO [Canada. Department of Fisheries and Oceans]. 1994. Annual summary of fish and marine mammal harvest data for the Northwest Territories, 1992-1993, Volume 5: xvii + 104 p. [Freshwater Institute, Central and Arctic Region, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N6].

DFO [Canada. Department of Fisheries and Oceans]. 1995. Annual summary of fish and marine mammal harvest data for the Northwest Territories, 1993-1994, Volume 6: xv + 86 p. [Freshwater Institute, Central and Arctic Region, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N6].

DFO [Canada. Department of Fisheries and Oceans]. 1996. Annual summary of fish and marine mammal harvest data for the Northwest Territories, 1994-1995, Volume 7: xiii + 85 p. [Freshwater Institute, Central and Arctic Region, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N6].

DFO [Canada. Department of Fisheries and Oceans]. 1997. Annual summary of fish and marine mammal harvest data for the Northwest Territories, 1995-1996, Volume 8:  xii + 80 p. [Freshwater Institute, Central and Arctic Region, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N6].

DFO [Canada. Department of Fisheries and Oceans]. 1998a. Hudson Bay narwhal. Canada Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Central and Arctic Region, DFO Sci. Stock Status Rep. E5-44: 5 p.

DFO [Canada. Department of Fisheries and Oceans]. 1998b. Baffin Bay narwhal. Canada Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Central and Arctic Region, DFO Sci. Stock Status Rep. E5-43: 5 p.

DFO [Canada. Department of Fisheries and Oceans]. 1999. Annual summary of fish and marine mammal harvest data for the Northwest Territories, 1996-1997, Volume 9: xii+ 72 p. [Freshwater Institute, Central and Arctic Region, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N6].

Dietz, R. and M.P. Heide-Jørgensen. 1995. Movements and swimming speed of narwhals (Monodon monoceros ) equipped with satellite transmitters in Melville Bay, northwest Greenland. Can. J. Zool. 73: 2106-2119.

Dietz, R., M.P. Heide-Jørgensen, E. Born, and C.M. Glahder. 1994. Occurrence of narwhals (Monodon monoceros) and white whales (Delphinapterus leucas) in East Greenland. Medd. Grønl. Biosci. 39: 69-86.

Dietz, R., M.P. Heide-Jørgensen, P.R. Richard, and M. Acquarone. 2001. Summer and fall movements of narwhals (Monodon monoceros) from northeastern Baffin Island towards northern Davis Strait. Arctic 54: 244-261.

Donaldson, J. 1988. The economic ecology of hunting, a case study of the Canadian Inuit. Ph.D. Thesis, department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts. ix + 241 p.

Dow, P.R. and M.J. Hollenberg. 1977. The tuskal pulp of the narwhal, Monodon monoceros. Oral Surg. 44: 135-146.

Dueck, L. and R.R. Riewe.  1986. Distribution and abundance of narwhal (Monodon monoceros L.) in Admiralty Inlet 1983 - 1985. Final Progress Report for World Wildlife Fund Canada's "Whales Beneath the Ice" Project, prepared by Department of Zoology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba. 52 p.

Dueck, L.P. 1989. The abundance of narwhal (Monodon monoceros L.) in Admiralty Inlet, Northwest Territories, Canada, and implications of behaviour for survey estimates. M.Sc. Thesis, Department of Zoology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba. viii + 82 p.

Eales, N.B. 1950. The skull of the foetal narwhal, Monodon monoceros L. Royal Society of London Philosophical Transactions 235: 1-33.

Fallis, B.W., W.E. Klenner, and J.B. Kemper. 1983. Narwhal surveys and associated marine mammal observations in Admiralty Inlet, Navy Board Inlet, and Eclipse Sound, Baffin Island, N.W.T., during 1974-1976. Can. Tech. Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 1211: iv + 20 p.

Finley, K.J. 1976. Studies of the status of marine mammals in the central District of Franklin: N.W.T. June-August, 1975. Unpublished report by LGL Limited, Toronto, ON for Polar Gas Project, Toronto, ON. xii + 183 p.

Finley, K.J., R.A. Davis, and H.B. Silverman. 1980. Aspects of the narwhal hunt in the eastern Canadian Arctic . Rep. Int. Whaling Comm. 30: 459-464.

Finley, K.J. and E.J. Gibb. 1982. Summer diet of the narwhal (Monodon monoceros) in Pond Inlet, northern Baffin Island. Can. J. Zool. 60: 3353-3363.

Finley, K.J., C.R. Greene, and R.A. Davis. 1983. A study of ambient noise, ship noise, and the reactions of narwhals and belugas to the MV Arctic breaking ice in Admiralty Inlet N.W.T. In LGL Limited. 1986. Reactions of beluga whales and narwhals to ship traffic and ice-breaking along ice edges in the eastern Canadian Arctic. Canada Department of Indian and Northern Affairs, Environmental Studies No. 37: 108 p.

Finley, K.J. and G.W. Miller. 1982. The 1979 hunt for narwhals (Monodon monoceros) and an examination of harpoon gun technology near Pond Inlet, northern Baffin Island. Rep. Int. Whaling Comm. 32: 449-460.

Finley, K.J., G.W. Miller, R.A. Davis, and C.R. Greene. 1984. Responses of narwhals (Monodon monoceros) and belugas (Delphinapterus leucas) to ice-breaking ships in Lancaster Sound - 1983. In LGL Limited. 1986. Reactions of beluga whales and narwhals to ship traffic and ice-breaking along ice edges in the eastern Canadian Arctic. Canada Department of Indian and Northern Affairs, Environmental Studies No. 37: xi + 117 p.

Finley, K.J., G.W. Miller, R.A. Davis, and C.R. Greene. 1990. Reactions of belugas, Delphinapterus leucas, and narwhals, Monodon monoceros, to ice-breaking ships in the Canadian High Arctic, p. 97-117. In T. G. Smith, D.J. St Aubin, and J.R. Geraci (ed.) Advances in research on the beluga whale, Delphinapterus leucas. Can. Bull. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 224.

Finley, K.J. and W.E. Renaud. 1980. Marine mammals inhabiting the Baffin Bay north water in winter. Arctic 33: 724-738.

Fleming, M. (compiler). 2002. Voices from the Bay: a Hudson Bay traditional ecological knowledge and management systems summary report on narwhals. Unpublished report prepared for consideration in the update COSEWIC status report on narwhal. Sanikiluaq, Nunavut. 5 typed MS pages.

Ford, J.K.B. and H.D. Fisher. 1978. Underwater acoustic signals of the narwhal (Monodon monoceros). Can. J. Zool. 56: 552-560.

Ford, J. 1987. Sound under the ice. Waters 10: 20-24.

Freuchen, P. and F. Salomonsen. 1958. The Arctic year. G.P. Putnam's Sons, New York. 438 p.

Gamble, R.L. 1988. Native harvest of wildlife in the Keewatin Region, Northwest Territories for the period October 1985 to March 1986 and a summary for the entire period of the harvest study from October 1981 to March 1986. Can. Data Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 688: v + 85 p.

Gaston, A.J. and H. Ouellet. 1997. Birds and mammals of Coats Island, N.W.T. Arctic 50: 101-118.

Geist, O.W., J.L. Buckley, and R.H. Manville. 1960. Alaskan records of the narwhal. J. Mammal. 41: 250-253.

Geraci, J.R. and T.G. Smith. 1979. Vitamin C in the diet of Inuit hunters from Holman, Northwest Territories. Arctic 32: 135-139.

Gonzalez, N. 2001. Inuit traditional ecological knowledge of the Hudson Bay narwhal (Tuugaalik) population. Prepared for Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Iqaluit, Nunavut. 26 p.

Greely, A.W. 1886. Natural history notes. Appendix VII, p. 359-371. In A.W. Greely Three years of Arctic service; an account of the Lady Franklin Bay Expedition of 1881-84 and the attainment of the farthest north. Vol. 2. Richard Bentley and Son, London.

Greendale, R.G. and C. Brousseau-Greendale. 1976. Observations of marine mammal migrations at Cape Hay, Bylot Island, during the summer of 1976. Can. Fish. Mar. Serv. Tech. Rep. 680: 25 p.

Guinn, B. and D.B. Stewart. 1988. Marine mammals of central Baffin Island, Northwest Territories. Lands Directorate of Environment Canada and Northern Environment Directorate of Indian and Northern Affairs, Northern Land Use Information Series, Background Report No. 6: ii + 65 p. + map.

Haller, A.A. 1967. A human geographical study of the hunting economy of Cumberland Sound, Baffin Island, N.W.T. M.A. thesis, McGill University, Montreal, PQ. ix + 162 leaves.

Hansen, C.T., C.O. Nielsen, R. Dietz, and M.M. Hansen. 1990. Zinc, cadmium, mercury and selenium in minke whales, belugas, and narwhals from West Greenland. Polar Biol. 10: 529-539.

Hay, K. and R. McClung. 1976. Observations on beluga and narwhal in the Canadian high Arctic summer 1974. Can. Manuscr. Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 1385: 55 p.

Hay, K. and D.E. Sergeant. 1976. Interim technical report Arctic whale project. Unpublished report prepared for Environmental-Social Program Northern Pipelines (Arctic Islands Pipeline) by Marine Sciences Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec. ii + 41 p.

Hay, K.A. 1980. Age determination of the narwhal, Monodon monoceros L. Rep. Int. Whal. Comm. Spec. Iss. 3: 119-132.

Hay, K.A.  1984. The life history of the narwhal (Monodon monoceros L.) in the eastern Canadian Arctic. Ph. D. Thesis, Institute of Oceanography, McGill University, Montreal, QC. xvi + 254 p.

Hay, K.A. and A.W. Mansfield. 1989. Narwhal, Monodon monoceros Linnaeus, 1758, p. 145-176. In S.H. Ridgway and R.J. Richardson (ed.) Handbook of marine mammals, Vol. 4. River dolphins and the larger toothed whales. Academic Press, London, UK.

Heide-Jørgensen, M.P. 1994. Distribution, exploitation and population status of white whales (Delphinapterus leucas) and narwhals (Monodon monoceros) in West Greenland. Medd. Grønl. Biosci. 39: 135-149.

Heide-Jørgensen, M.P. and R. Dietz. 1995. Some characteristics of narwhal, Monodon monoceros, diving behaviour in Baffin Bay. Can. J. Zool.. 73: 2120-2132.

Heide-Jørgensen, M.P., R. Dietz, K.L. Laidre, and P.R. Richard. 2002. Autumn movements, home ranges, and winter density of narwhals (Monodon monoceros) tagged in Tremblay Sound, Baffin Island. Polar Biol. 25: 331-341.

Heide-Jørgensen, M.P., R. Dietz, K.L. Laidre, P.R. Richard, J. Orr, and H.C. Schmidt. 2003. The migratory behaviour of narwhals (Monodon monoceros). Can. J. Zool. 81: 1298-1305.

Heide-Jørgensen, M.P., R. Dietz, and S. Leatherwood. 1994. A note on the diet of narwhals (Monodon monoceros) in Inglefield Bredning (NW Greenland). Medd. Grønl. Biosci. 39: 213-216.

Heide-Jørgensen, M.P., N. Hammeken, R. Dietz, J. Orr, and P.R. Richard. 2001. Surfacing times and dive rates for narwhals (Monodon monoceros) and belugas (Delphinapterus leucas). Arctic 54: 284-298.

Heide-Jørgensen, M.P., H. Lassen, J. Teilmann, and R.A. Davis. 1993. An index of the relative abundance of wintering belugas, Delphinapterus leucas, off West Greenland. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 50: 2323-2335.

Higgins, G.M. 1968. South coast-Baffin Island: an area economic survey. Canada Department of Northern Affairs and National Resources, Area Economic Survey Report 67/2: xvi + 234 p.

Hilton-Taylor, C.C. 2000. 2000 IUCN red list of threatened species. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. xviii + 61 p.

Huey, L.M. 1952. An Alaskan record of the narwhal. J. Mammal. 33: 496.

Innes, S., M.P. Heide-Jørgensen, J.L. Laake, K.L. Laidre, H.J. Cleator, P. Richard, and R.E.A. Stewart. 2002. Surveys of belugas and narwhals in the Canadian High Arctic in 1996. NAMMCO Sci. Publ. 4: 169-190.

JCNB/NAMMCO. 2001. Final report of the Joint Meeting of the NAMMCO Scientific Committee Working Group on the Population Status of Narwhal and Beluga in the North Atlantic and the Canada/Greenland Joint Commission on Conservation and Management of Narwhal and Beluga Scientific Working Group, 9-13 May 2001, Qeqertarsuaq, Greenland. xxii + 78 p.

Johnson, S.R., W.E. Renaud, R.A. Davis, and W.J. Richardson. 1976. Marine mammals recorded during aerial surveys of birds in eastern Lancaster Sound, 1976. LGL Limited, Toronto, ON, for Norlands Petroleums Limited, 180 p.

Johnston, D.H. 1961. Marine mammal survey, Hudson Bay 1961. Ontario Department of Lands and Forests. Unpublished MS 32 p.

Kemper, J.B. 1980. History of use of narwhal and beluga by Inuit in the Canadian eastern arctic including changes in hunting methods and regulations. Rep. Int. Whal. Comm. 30: 481-492.

Kingsley, M.C.S. 1989. Population dynamics of the narwhal Monodon monoceros: an initial evaluation (Odontoceti: Monodontidae). J. Zool. Lond. 219: 201-208.

Kingsley, M.C.S. 1990. Polar bear attack on a juvenile narwhal. Fauna Norv. Ser. A 11: 57-58.

Kingsley, M.C.S., H. Cleator, and M.A. Ramsay. 1994. Summer distribution and movements of narwhals (Monodon monoceros) in Eclipse Sound and adjacent waters, north Baffin Island, N.W.T. Medd. Grønl. Biosci. 39: 163-174.

Kinloch, D., H. Kuhnlein, and D.C.G. Muir. 1992. Inuit foods and diet: a preliminary assessment of benefits and risks. Sci. Total Environ. 122: 247-278.

Koski, W.R. 1980a. Distribution and migration of marine mammals in Baffin Bay and eastern Lancaster Sound, May-July 1979. Unpublished report by LGL Limited, Toronto, ON for Petro-Canada, Calgary, AB. xxxiv + 317 p.

Koski, W.R. 1980b. Distribution of marine mammals in the Canadian central high Arctic, July - September 1979. Unpublished report by LGL Limited, Toronto, ON for Petro-Canada, Calgary, AB. 117 p.

Koski, W.R. and R.A. Davis. 1980. Studies of the late summer distribution and fall migration of marine mammals in NW Baffin Bay and E. Lancaster Sound, 1979. Unpublished report by LGL Limited, Toronto, ON for Petro-Canada Explorations Inc., Calgary, AB. xxv + 214 p.

Koski, W.R. and R.A. Davis. 1994. Distribution and numbers of narwhals (Monodon monoceros) in Baffin Bay and Davis Strait. Medd. Grønl. Biosci. 39: 15-40.

Laidre, K.L., M.P. Heide-Jørgensen, and R. Dietz. 2002. Diving behaviour of narwhals (Monodon monoceros) at two coastal localities in the Canadian High Arctic. Can. J. Zool. 80: 624-635.

Lien, J. 1999. An examination of the capture and the captive maintenance of marine mammals in Canada. Report to the Minister of Fisheries and Oceans, 31 March 1999, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Ottawa, ON. 167 p. (available from the Department of Fisheries and Oceans, 200 Kent St., Ottawa, ON).

Mansfield, A.W., T.G. Smith, and B. Beck. 1975. The narwhal, Monodon monoceros, in eastern Canadian waters. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 32: 1041-1046.

Martin, A.R., M.C.S. Kingsley, and M.A. Ramsay. 1994. Diving behaviour of narwhals (Monodon monoceros) on their summer grounds. Can. J. Zool. 72: 118-125.

Maxwell, B. 1999. Responding to global climate change in Canada's Arctic, Vol. 2 of the Canada Country Study: Climate impacts and adaptations. Environment Canada, Downsview, ON. xxii + 82 p.

McLaren, P.L. and R.A. Davis. 1982. Winter distribution of Arctic marine mammals in ice-covered waters of eastern North America. Report by LGL Limited, Toronto for Petro Canada Exploration Inc., Calgary, AB. xiii + 151 p.

Mercer, M.C. 1973. Observations on distribution and intraspecific variation in pigmentation patterns of odontocete Cetacea in the western North Atlantic. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 30: 1111-1130.

Miller, G.W. and R.A. Davis. 1984. Distribution and movements of narwhals and beluga whales in response to ship traffic at the Lancaster Sound ice edge - 1984. In LGL Limited. 1986. Reactions of beluga whales and narwhals to ship traffic and ice-breaking along ice edges in the eastern Canadian arctic. Canada Department of Indian and Northern Affairs, Environmental Studies No. 37: iv + 34 p.

Miller, L.A., J. Pristed, B. Møhl, and A. Surlykke. 1995. The click-sounds of narwhals (Monodon monoceros) in Inglefield Bay, Northwest Greenland. Mar. Mamm. Sci. 11: 491-502.

Mitchell, E. 1981. Canada progress report on cetacean research June 1979-May 1980. Rep. Int. Whal. Comm. 31: 171-179.

Mitchell, E. and R.R. Reeves. 1981. Catch history and cumulative catch estimates of initial population size of cetaceans in the eastern Canadian Arctic. Rep. Int. Whal. Comm. 31: 645-682.

Muir, D.C.G., C.A. Ford, N.P. Grift, R.E.A. Stewart, and T.F. Bidleman. 1992. Organochlorine contaminants in narwhal (Monodon monoceros) from the Canadian Arctic. Environ. Pollut. A 75: 307-316.

Munn, H.T. 1932. Prairie trails and Arctic byways. Hurst and Blackett Ltd., London. 288 p. + 15 pls.

Murray, B.W., S. Malik, and B.N. White. 1995. Sequence variation at the major histocompatibility complex locus DQ beta in beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas). Mol. Biol. Evol. 12: 582-593.

Neve, P.B. 1995a. Life history of narwhals (Monodon monoceros) in West Greenland, Part II, p. 1-12. In P.B. Neve (ed). Narhvalen Monodon monoceros L. I Vest Grønland. Specialeafhandling ved Københavns Universitet.

Neve, P.B. 1995b. Age estimation of the narwhal (Monodon monoceros) in West Greenland, Part I, p. 1-15. In P.B. Neve (ed). Narhvalen Monodon monoceros L. i Vest Grønland.  Specialeafhandling ved Københavns Universitet.

Nielsen, O., R.E.A. Stewart, L. Measures, P. Duignan, and C. House. 2000. A morbillivirus antibody survey of Atlantic walrus, narwhal and beluga in Canada. J. Wildl. Dis. 36: 508-517.

Newman, M.A. 1970. Narwhals captured. Vancouver Public Aquarium Newsletter XIV: 1-3.

Palsbøll, P.J., M.P. Heide-Jørgensen, and R. Dietz. 1997. Genetic studies of narwhals, Monodon monoceros, from West and East Greenland. Heredity 78: 284-292.

Parkinson, C.L. 2000. Variability of Arctic sea ice: the view from space, an 18-year record. Arctic 53: 341-358.

Peary, R.E. 1907. Nearest the Pole. Doubleday, Page, and Company, New York. 411 p. + map.

Porsild, M.P. 1922. Scattered observations on narwhals. J. Mammal. 41: 8-13.

Read, C.J. and S.E. Stephansson. 1976. Distribution and migration routes of marine mammals in the central Arctic region. Can. Fish. Mar. Serv. Tech. Rep. 667: v + 13 p.

Reeves, R.R. 1976. Narwhal: another endangered species. Can. Geographic 92: 12-19.

Reeves, R.R. 1977. Hunt for the narwhal. Oceans 10: 50-57.

Reeves, R.R. 1992a. What is a narwhal worth? An analysis of factors driving the narwhal hunt and a critique of tried approaches to hunt management for species conservation. Ph.D. Thesis, Department of Geography, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec. xi + 326 p.

Reeves, R.R. 1992b. Recent developments in the commerce in narwhal ivory from the Canadian Arctic. Arct. Alp. Res. 24: 179-187.

Reeves, R.R. 1993a. The commerce of maktaq at Arctic Bay, northern Baffin Island. Arct. Anthropol. 30: 79-93.

Reeves, R.R. 1993b. Domestic and international trade in narwhal products. Traffic Bulletin 14: 13-20.

Reeves, R.R. and M.P. Heide-Jørgensen. 1994. Commercial aspects of the exploitation of narwhals (Monodon monoceros) in Greenland, with particular emphasis on tusk exports. Medd. Grønl. Biosci. 39: 119-134.

Reeves, R.R. and E. Mitchell. 1987. Cetaceans of Canada. Canada Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Communications Directorate, Underwater World 59: 27 p.

Reeves, R.R. and E. Mitchell. 1988. Distribution and seasonality of killer whales in the eastern Canadian Arctic. Rit Fiskideildar 11: 136-160.

Reeves, R.R. and S. Tracey. 1980. Monodon monoceros. Mamm. Species 127: 1-7 p.

Remnant, R.A. and M.L. Thomas. 1992. Inuit traditional knowledge of the distribution and biology of high Arctic narwhal and beluga. Unpublished report by North/South Consultants Inc., Winnipeg. vii + 96 p.

Richard, P. 1991. Abundance and distribution of narwhals (Monodon monoceros) in northern Hudson Bay. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 48: 276-283.

Richard, P. 2001. Marine mammals of Nunavut. Department of Education, Iqaluit, Nunavut. 97 p.

Richard, P., J.R. Orr, R. Dietz, and L. Dueck. 1998. Sightings of belugas and other marine mammals in the North Water, late March 1993. Arctic 51: 1-4.

Richard, P.R., A.R. Martin and J.R. Orr. 2001. Summer and autumn movements of belugas of the Beaufort Sea region. Arctic 54: 223-236.

Richard, P., and D. Pike. 1993. Small whale co-management in the eastern Canadian Arctic: a case history and analysis. Arctic 46: 138-143.

Richard, P., P. Weaver, L. Dueck, and D. Barber. 1994. Distribution and numbers of Canadian High Arctic narwhals (Monodon monoceros) in August 1984. Medd. Grønl. Biosci. 39: 41-50.

Roberge, M.M. and J.B. Dunn. 1990. Assessment of the subsistence harvest and biology of narwhal (Monodon monoceros L.) from Admiralty Inlet, Baffin Island, N.W.T., 1983 and 1986-89. Can. Tech. Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 1747: vi + 32 p.

Roe, N.A. and W.J. Stephen. 1977. Narwhals (Monodon monoceros) observed near King Christian Island, Northwest Territories. Can. Field-Nat. 91: 309-310.

Sergeant, D.E. 1981. On permissible exploitation rates of Monodontidae. Rep. Int. Whal. Comm. 31: 583-588.

Silverman, H.B. 1979. Social organization and behaviour of the narwhal, Monodon monoceros L. in Lancaster Sound, Pond Inlet, and Tremblay Sound, N.W.T. M.Sc. thesis, McGill University, Montreal, PQ. xi + 147 leaves.

Smith, T.G. 1977. The occurrence of a narwhal (Monodon monoceros) in Prince Albert Sound, western Victoria Island, Northwest Territories. Can. Field-Nat. 91: 299.

Smith, T.G., M.O. Hammill, D.J. Burrage, and G.A. Sleno. 1985. Distribution and abundance of belugas, Delphinapterus leucas, and narwhals, Monodon monoceros, in the Canadian High Arctic. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 42: 676-684.

Smith, T.G. and B. Sjare. 1990. Predation of belugas and narwhals by polar bears in nearshore areas of the Canadian High Arctic. Arctic 43: 99-102.

Steltner, H., S. Steltner, and D.E. Sergeant. 1984. Killer whales, Orcinus orca, prey on narwhals, Monodon monoceros: An eyewitness account. Can. Field-Nat. 98: 458-462.

Stepney, P.H. and R.L. Wooley. 1976. Survey of marine mammals of Lancaster Sound, October 1975. Unpublished report by Renewable Resources Consulting Services Limited for Norlands Petroleums Limited, Calgary, AB. iv + 55 p.

Stewart, D.B. 1994. A review of the status and harvests of fish, invertebrate, and marine mammal populations in the Nunavut Settlement Area. Can. Manuscr. Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 2262: iv + 98 p.

Stewart, D.B.  2001. Inuit knowledge of belugas and narwhals in the Canadian eastern Arctic. Prepared by Arctic Biological Consultants, Winnipeg, MB for Canada Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Iqaluit, Nunavut. iv + 32 p.

Stewart, D.B., A. Akeeagok, R. Amarualik, S. Panipakutsuk, and A. Taqtu. 1995. Local knowledge of beluga and narwhal from four communities in Arctic Canada. Can. Tech. Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 2065: viii + 48 p. + Appendices on disk.

Stewart, D.B., L.M.J. Bernier, and M.J. Dunbar. 1991. Marine natural areas of Canadian significance in the Hudson Bay marine region. Unpublished report prepared by Arctic Biological Consultants, Winnipeg for the Canadian Parks Service, Ottawa, ON. vii + 241 p.

Strong, J.T. 1987. Update COSEWIC status report on the narwhal Monodon monoceros in Canada. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. Ottawa. 25 pp.

Strong, J.T. 1988. Status of the narwhal, Monodon monoceros, in Canada. Can. Field-Nat. 102: 391-398.

Strong, J.T. 1989. Reported harvests of narwhal, beluga and walrus in the Northwest Territories, 1948-1987. Can. Data Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 734: iv + 14 p.

Sutton, G.M. and W.J. Hamilton. 1932. The mammals of Southampton Island. Mem. Carnegie Mus. XII (Pt. II, Sec. I): 1-111.

SWG. 1997. Narwhal. Status report for Scientific Working Group Canada-Greenland Joint Commission for the Conservation and Management of Beluga and Narwhal, Appendix 6. In The Sixth meeting of the Canada/Greenland Joint Commission on Conservation and Management of Narwhal and Beluga, Iqaluit, Northwest Territories, November 28 to December 1, 1997.

Thomsen, M.L. 1993. Local knowledge of the distribution, biology, and hunting of beluga and narwhal: a survey among Inuit hunters in West and North Greenland. Report for Greenland Hunters' and Fishermans' Association, Greenland Home Rule Authorities and Inuit Circumpolar Conference, Nuuk, Greenland. ix + 98 p. + 7 appendices.

Tomilin, A.G. 1957. Mammals of the U.S.S.R. and adjacent countries. Vol. IX. Cetacea. Israel Program for Scientific Translations (Translated from Russian to English in 1967). 717 p, Jerusalem.

Topolniski, D.E. 1993. Financial and economic analysis of the 1986-1990 exploratory fisheries for turbot and scallops in Cumberland Sound, Baffin Island. Econ. Commer. Anal. Rep. 135: v + 63 p.

Treble, M.A. 1999. Exploratory fishery results for Greenland halibut (Reinhardtius hippoglossoides) in NAFO Division 0A, 1996-98. Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Organization (NAFO) SCR Doc. 99/45: 12 p. (Serial No. N4104).

Treble, M.A. and R. Bowering. 2002. The Greenland halibut (Reinhardtius hippoglossoides) fishery in NAFO Division 0A. Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Organization (NAFO) SCR Doc. 02/46: 9 p. (Serial No. N4658).

Tuck, L.M. 1957. Wildlife investigations in the Cape Hay region, Lancaster Sound, 1957. Unpubl. Canadian Wildlife Service Rep. No. 760: 36 p. + plates.

Turl, C.W. 1987. Winter sightings of marine mammals in Arctic pack ice. Arctic 40: 219-220.

Tynan, C.T. and D.P. DeMaster. 1997. Observations and predictions of Arctic climatic change: potential effects on marine mammals. Arctic 50: 308-322.

Vibe, C. 1950. The marine mammals and the marine fauna in the Thule District (northwest Greenland) with observations on ice conditions in 1939-41. Medd. Grønl. 150: 154 p.

Vibe, C. 1967. Arctic animals in relation to climatic fluctuations. Medd. Grønl. 170: 227 p.

Wagemann, R., S. Innes, and P.R. Richard. 1996. Overview and regional and temporal differences of heavy metals in arctic whales and ringed seals in the Canadian arctic. Sci. Total Environ. 186: 41-66.

Wagemann, R., N.B. Snow, A. Lutz, and D.P. Scott. 1983. Heavy metals in tissues and organs of the narwhal (Monodon monoceros). Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 40 (Suppl. 2): 206-214.

Wagemann, R., E. Trebacz, G. Boila, and W.L. Lockhart. 1998. Methylmercury and total mercury in tissues of arctic marine mammals. Sci. Total Environ. 218: 19-31.

Welch, H.E., R.E. Crawford, and H. Hop. 1993. Occurrence of Arctic cod (Boreogadus saida) schools and their vulnerability to predation in the Canadian High Arctic. Arctic 46: 331-339.

Weaver, P.A. and R.S. Walker. 1988. The narwhal (Monodon monoceros L.) harvest in Pond Inlet, Northwest Territories: hunt documentation and biological sampling, 1982-1983. Can. Manuscr. Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 1975: iv + 26 p.

Yaremchuk, G.C.B. and B. Wong. 1989. Issues in the management of marine mammals in the Northwest Territories and Yukon North Slope. Can. Manuscr. Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 2009: v + 10 p.

Page details

Date modified: